Essay about The Advantages and Disadvantages of...

Multiculturalism n. Multiculturalism is where a variety of many different cultural/ethnic groups live together within the same society. In a multicultural society, there is not an official culture that every person must be a part of. Instead, all cultures are respected as much as each other. In general, a multicultural society is formed when people from many different countries all migrate to one place. For example, 10% of the UK’s population consists of different racial groups. Multicultural cities are called cosmopolitans. **** If you walk down any bustling London street, it is likely you will come across many people from different cultural backgrounds. For London now speaks over 200 languages and the diversity of different†¦show more content†¦Many cities around the world have benefited massively from immigration and multiculturalism, most famously Toronto. Therefore, what would our country be like if Britain had never accepted diverse cultures into our own country? Well, it would have a very different fashion industry†¦ Never heard of The Simpsons†¦ or Friends†¦ Fewer sports†¦ No World Cups†¦ No Barbie†¦ No Reggae†¦ No fast food or takeaways†¦ Well I think you get the picture - our lives would be very different, that’s for sure. In addition, the renowned, economically well off and most interesting cities of the world are, coincidentally, always the cosmopolitan cities. I wonder why..! Replacement Labour Force will save the government money as they won’t have to pay immigrants so much and there will be more than enough people looking for work so every job is done. Plus, the less well off immigrants buy the inner-city slums and regenerate them into areas full of character with lively shops and restaurants and lovely houses: which are then bought back by the ‘better off’; the immigrants then move onto another area or have more money to buy a better house. Multiculturalism really does benefit all†¦ Disadvantages It would be naà ¯ve to deny that the lives of ethnic minorities aren’t always easy. These people must try to adapt and it’s always hard to change many aspects of their daily life. Sometimes they are treated as ifShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Aspects of Multiculturalism in Canada838 Words   |  4 Pagesethnically diverse. While multiculturalism is meant to be built on equality and appreciation of different cultures, its concept has gained both support and opposition. On one hand, it allows for more assortment and the voices of minorities have a higher chance to be heard. On the other hand, loss of unity and conflicts may occur due to contrasting worldviews of the citizens. All in all, multiculturalism is a controversial policy that has both advantages and disadvantages, but has proven to be a successfulRead MoreMulticulturalism Is Educational And Promotes Tolerance1199 Words   |  5 PagesMulticulturalism can be defined as the view that various cultures in a socie ty merit equal respect and scholarly interest. America is a proud example of being a multiculturalistic society, for there is a variety of cultures and each has their own traditions and values. Because I have lived in a multiculturalistic society for nineteen years, I can say that multiculturalism has its advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of multiculturalism are that it is educational and   promotes tolerance, butRead MoreEssay on The Canadian Mosaic Vs. The U.S. Melting Pot1707 Words   |  7 Pagesmore effective and respectful than that which is possessed by our American neighbours. The following will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches, and analyze the impact of the structures on each country’s society. Canada is world renown for being one of the most tolerant, welcoming, and democratic countries in the world - a dynamic mosaic of multiculturalism where people live and work together in harmony. Over the past 150 years, more than 14 million people have immigrated toRead MoreThe Canadian Mosaic vs. the U.S. Melting Pot1710 Words   |  7 Pagesmore effective and respectful than that which is possessed by our American neighbours. The following will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches, and analyze the impact of the structures on each countrys society. Canada is world renown for being one of the most tolerant, welcoming, and democratic countries in the world - a dynamic mosaic of multiculturalism where people live and work together in harmony. Over the past 150 years, more than 14 million people have immigrated toRead MoreMulticulturalism Has Had a Rough Start648 Words   |  3 Pagesimmigrants are trans-national. What I mean by that is very simple: the immigrants care more for the countries they escaped and the people there, than for the country they now live in and the people they live among. Vladimir Putin said in 2012 that multiculturalism â€Å"rejects the notion of integration through assimilation.† At the same time he says that the result of the social model will end as so: â€Å"There can be just one outcome for such a social model: xenophobia on the part of the indigenous populationRead MoreMulticulturalism Is Truly A Weapon Ran By Political Aspects Of Multicultural Education1540 Words   |  7 PagesMulticulturalism Multiculturalism is defined in itself as it relates to a society made up of different ethnic backgrounds accepting all regardless of their race, the language they speak, their religion, and their believes. There are many faces of multiculturalism as it can refer to â€Å"A demographic fact, a particular set of philosophical ideas, or a specific orientation by government or institutions toward a diverse population.† (Bloemraad, 2011) Multiculturalism is truly a weapon ran by politicalRead MoreCanada Is Not The Post Racist Utopia1618 Words   |  7 Pagesprogressive countries in the world for a multitude of reasons: being the first country to constitutionally enshrine aboriginal and treaty rights, the steady escalation of interracial Canadian marriages, and committing to the official policy of Multiculturalism, which is entrenched in the 1982 Constitution Act and the Multicultural Act of 1988 (Fleras, 2017). However, Canada is not the post-racist utopia as it appears to be as that Canada is not necessarily the same Canada â€Å"experienced by the disenfranchisedRead MoreThe Five Key Managerial Skills1075 Words   |  5 Pageselectronic equipment. Interpersonal skill is a manager’s ability to work effectively as a team member and to build cooperative effort in the unit† (17). An important part of interpersonal skills is communication skills which for managers is multiculturalism. Multiculturalism is â€Å"the ability to work effectively and conduct business with people from different cultures† (18). Conceptual skill is â€Å"the ability to see the organization as a total entity. It includes recognizing how the various units of the organizationRead MoreIr and Glocalization1154 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Body 1. What is Globalization and how it is related with the International Relations; 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Globalization; 3. Effectiveness of the Globalization Conclusion NTRODUCTION In my work I talk about the Globalization and its relation with the Globalization where I dwelled upon the Globalization. In the second part I did survey and focused on the advantages and disadvantages of globalization as the statistics show.After hammering out the two factors I wrote about deRead MoreIts A Patriarchal World Analysis1550 Words   |  7 Pagesof the Differences in Success Based on Gender Discrimination Globally   Ã‚  Ã‚   Privilege is a word that may be used in a plethora of contexts, one of the least common, however, is the privilege of education and success. Privilege can be defined as an advantage that a person or group holds. A common ideology is that education is a crucial necessity for a successful life, and it can be the deciding factor in one’s attainment of a great career. This ideology is astounding in theory, but crippling in reality

The Queen Of Salsa Vs Fidel Castro - 2134 Words

The Queen of Salsa vs Fidel Castro Celia Cruz was born Celia Caridad Cruz Alfonso on October 21, 1925, in a working-class neighborhood of Havana, Cuba. She began singing professionally on Cuban radio and in nightclubs in the late 1940s while studying music theory and voice at a music academy in Havana from 1947 to 1950. In 1950, she began singing with the popular Cuban orchestra La Sonora Matancera. Over the next 15 years, their collaboration had many hit singles, which raised Celia to the top as she performed diverse Afro-Cuban music throughout the Caribbean, South America, and the U.S. While Celia’s career was placing her as one of the best singers on the island, the Cuban revolution was also beginning. The Cuban revolution was an†¦show more content†¦She was being forced to pay a quote for being a singer and she was told that she couldn’t talk down the new government whenever she came to the United States. As luck would have it, she was being interview with the President of Mexico and it was believed that she said something that Castro didn’t like and because of that she was consider a communist and was banned from the island. It was believed that Castro in a way envied Celia because of success and because of how the people loved her. He wanted to be the most powerful man in the island but that never happen. This envy was what let him to close the doors of the island to Celia and other artist that were against his regime. He also banned her music from the island. So many fans of Celia weren’t able to listen to her anymore because they could’ve gone to jail for being consider a communist. His hatred was so powerful towards Celia that even when her mother and father died, he didn’t let her attend their funerals. During the time that she was exile from Cuba and came to the United States, she wrote many songs that express the feelings she had for leaving her mother behind and for one day to see Cuba free. One of her most powerful songs that express her love for the island and what the island has been through is called â€Å"In Case Of No Returned†. In this song she talks about how she might not be able to come back to Cuba before she dies and how she wish to see the island free. It was a very

HIH Casualty and General Insurance †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the HIH Casualty and General Insurance. Answer: Introduction: The issue before the court in this case was the HIH Casualty and General Insurance had given undocumented, unsecured amount $10 million to Pacific Legal Equity in June 2000. The company was under the management of Adler and he was also the trustee of Australian Equity's Unit Trust. This was the time when Adler was also acting as a nonexecutive director through Adler Corporation, as this company was a major shareholder of HIH. After PEE receives the loan amount, it also became a trustee of Australian Equity's Unit Trust. Later on, shares of HIH worth $4 million were also purchased by this company when PEE sold these shares, because it had suffered a loss of $2 million. The shares of HIH were purchased by PEE for the purpose of giving an erroneous impression to the investors of HIH that nothing was wrong with the company. Simultaneously, PEE also bought different unlisted shares for a value of $4 million in a number of communication technology companies from Adler Corporation. The resu lt of all these investments was that the company lost nearly $2 million. AEUT had given this money to Adler Corporation under trust. However, the company undertook these transactions without informing the boot of the corporation and also without obtaining the consent of the shareholders. Similarly, it failed to inform the board of the company and also the members of the investment committee. The required documentation was not completed before giving this loan and in the same way, the company also failed to take proper security for the loan. The reason behind these actions was to avoid the attention of the other directors of HIH. On the basis of the above-mentioned facts, it can be said that this was a unique and complicated case. The reason was that in case, there were a number of breaches of the duties of the directors. Several duties have been described for the directors by the statutory law under the Corporations Act and also by the common law. The effect of this bad corporate governance was the collapse of HIH. The provisions of statutory law that were breached in this case was provisions mentioned in section 180 requiring the directors to act with care and diligence, the provisions of s. 181, according to which the directors should act with good faith, s. 182 which prevents the directors from using their position improperly, s183 prohibiting the directors from improperly using the information and section 260A, which is related with financial assistance. Another relevant provision is present in section 9, Corporations Act, which gives the definition of the term director and provides the a person can be considered as a director of the corporation if such person is formally appointed as director, irrespective of the name used for the position. In this regard, section 9 also provides that certain persons can be treated as the directors even if they have not been validly appointed to this position. Therefore, these positions are treated by the law as directors, although they were not appointed formally as such. In view of this provision, shadow directors and the de facto directors are also treated by the law as the directors of the corporation. This section also explains the term officer of the company. For this purpose, the officers of the company include the executives of the company who are holding senior positions. In some cases, the officers of the company include the persons who have the authority to make decisions or take part in decisions that have positive impact on the business activities of the company. Therefore, the persons having the authority to have significant influence on the financial position of the company are also considered as being included in the term, 'officers'. A very important duty prescribed for the directors is present in section 180. It has been mentioned in s180(1) that according to this duty, the directors under an obligation to use their powers by using the same care and diligence that can be expected in case of any reasonable person if that person is holding the position of a director in a company under similar circumstances. In this context, it has been mentioned by the law that the executive directors also need to be considered as full-time employees and therefore, they should be involved in the routine management of the company. At the same time, executive directors have special responsibilities, and as a result, it is vital that the executive directors should have sufficient understanding of the affairs concerning the routine management of the corporation. As against the other directors, it is considered that the nonexecutive directors act, part-time however the law requires that these directors and should also be often occupied in running the affairs of the company. On the other hand, the Corporations Act has also provided a defense to the directors. Section 181(2) incorporates the business judgment rule of the common law. According to this rule when a director has made a business judgment, such director cannot be considered as being responsible for the judgment for the breach of duty of care and diligence if the elements of business judgment rule are satisfied. For this purpose, it needs to be seen that the judgment was made by the director for proper purpose and in good faith. The director should not have any personal interest concerning the judgment. It is also required that the director has properly informed himself or herself in case of the judgment to a reasonable extent. It is also required for the purpose of availing the defense provided by the business judgment rule that the directors should be under the impression that they are making the business judgment in the best interests of their company. In this way the protection provided to t he directors under the common law by the business judgment rule has also been incorporated in the Corporations Act. Therefore, the directors can use this defense for the purpose of escaping liability concerning the business judgments that they have made if it can be established by the directors that they acted in good faith and to protect the best interests of the company. The purpose behind providing this defense to the directors is that in routine cases, it is natural that while certain decisions made by the directors will be profitable for the company, it is also possible that on account of certain decisions made by the directors, the company will have to face a loss even if the directors have made the decision rationally and in good faith. Another relevant duty that has been mentioned in the Management Corporations Act is present in section 182. This duty requires that the directors should refrain from using their powers improperly. It can be said that the power has been used improperly by the directors, if these powers were use by the directors for a cleaning your personal benefit. Similarly, another duty is present in section 183, which prohibits the directors from improperly using the information that has been received by them. When any information has been received by the director, on account of their position in the company, the law requires that such information should not be used improperly. The improper use of information takes place when such information is used for obtaining a personal benefit or to cause a loss to the company. In the present case, Adler was acting in the position of the director of HIH and at the same time, also as the officer of the company that was wholly owned subsidiary of HIH. Consequently, the court stated that Adler falls under the definition of director described in s 9. The definition of director is applicable in case of Adler, although he was not appointed formally to this position in the subsidiary. The reason was that Adler had played the role of a director in the subsidiary company. He was also acting as a member of the investment committee of HIH. Under these circumstances, the court concluded that an active role was being played by Adler in the decision-making process of the company which had significant impact on the whole on a major part of the business of the corporation. The findings of the court concerning the MD of HIH, and the M.D. of HIHC, Williams were that he was also liable for the breach of duties mentioned in section 180(1). The court arrived at this conclusion on the basis of defects that Williams could not ensure that proper safeguards will present before a loan was given to PEE by HIHC. Further, the court pointed out that the financial director of HIH, Fodera was also found to be responsible for breaking these duties. This conclusion was based on the fact that Fodera did not discuss these proposals that the board, regarding during a loan of 10 million to PEE and similarly. He did not discuss it with its investment committee. Under these circumstances, the court was of the opinion that these executive directors were liable for the failure to fulfill their duties, especially when there was a failure on their part to inform the court of HIH concerning the decisions made by them. Regarding the application of the business judgment rule, it was held by the court that all these directors, Adler, Williams and Fodera were found to be responsible for the breach of their duty mentioned in s180(1). The court also stated that the defense under business judgment rule is not available to these directors. Hence these directors were not allowed to rely on this defense. It was explained by the court that in the present case, business judgment rule cannot be used by Adler. The reason given in support of this conclusion was that according to the court, Adler did not satisfy the requirements stated in s. 180(2)(b). Similarly a conflict of interest also existed in the case of the decisions made by Adler to invest 10 million i n PEE. In case of the other director, Williams, it was held by the court that business judgment rule cannot be relied upon due to the reason that he did not ensure that sufficient safeguards were in place before giving the loan. The court also pointed out that although the decision made by Williams can be described as a business judgment, but view of the fact that he was a major shareholder of HIH, and the court concluded that a personal interest was present for Williams in the business judgment which fell under the purview of s180(2)(b). The court also pointed out the words, the fact that during the trial, Williams had not provided any evidence to suggest that the judgment was made by him in good faith. In case of the other director, Fodera, the conclusion of the court was that this director cannot be allowed to rely on the business judgment rule. Reason was that Fodera failed to inform the board of the company or investment committee regarding the deal. Under these circumstances, the court held that Adler was liable for contravening the provisions of s. 181(1). Regarding the allegations that Adler had used his position in the company improperly, it was noted that as HIH's director and officer of HIHC, as well as being the director of PEE, he had used this position for a cleaning a benefit for Adler Corporation. Likewise, it was also stated in this case that the other director, Williams had also breached his duties when he allowed a loan of $10 million without informing the investment committee of HIH, which was required under the investment guidelines of the company.

My Biggest Motivator free essay sample

Motivate can mean to impel or move to action. In my eyes my mom was just that. My mom worked very hard to instill values and morals in me. She also was a very independent and strong individual. Her story not only motivates me, but also inspires many others in my family. My mom instilled moral and values in me that will last a life time. She made sure we knew the difference in right and wrong at a young age. My sisters and I always knew that not only god was watching us but also she had her eye on us all the time. She always took pride in making sure each and every one of us respected ourselves as well as others. She made sure that we all would grow up a bright young lady’s, by instilling morals. Being a young lady requires one to defiantly have morals. We will write a custom essay sample on My Biggest Motivator or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My mother expected us to behave and follow rules at all times, even when we were frustrated at an individual, because we knew it was not tolerated. My mom is a very independent person. My mom raised 7 girls on her own, by staying true to herself and learning from her mistakes, even when times got tough she fought through. My mom worked hard her entire life. I remember times when she would walk to work and sleep on the couch so we had a good night’s rest. There were also times when my mom really struggled but she never asked for aid from a family member or government agency. I can remember my mom always taking care of her children and never giving up. My mom is a very strong person like superwomen. There were times in her life that the average person would have given up. She has given up her health for us, by putting her children first. Some of her health problems would have not been survived by the average person. She was a single mom on a factory salary by being very intelligent women. Being a motivator is never easy. My mom really made it look that way. My mom always made the best of every situation and took pride in raising her children. As I get older I strive to be half the mom she was by instilling values and morals and always being independent and strong.

Hamlet Characters Essays - Characters In Hamlet,

Hamlet Characters In the play Hamlet Gertrude and Ophelia are portrayed as weak characters. The men in their lives have complete control over them. These women obviously do not have a mind of their own. If they listened to themselves, they would have more control of their lives. Ophelia is one of those women who is a lost cause to society. She makes women look helpless and that we can be easily manipulated. Hamlet basically used Ophelia as merely a toy to play with. She was never treated as a human being only as an object. Hamlet told Ophelia that he "I loved you not. (1097)" He made her a weak individual by saying "Frailty thy name is women. (1062)" This quote made Ophelia looks like she could never hold her own ground. Whenever Polonius needed her, she was always at his becking call. She has a tendency to not be true to her man Hamlet. Since she was under the control of her father, he convinced her to find out information from Hamlet. Hamlet: Ha, ha! Are you honest? Ophelia: My lord? Hamlet: Are you fair? Ophelia: What means your lordship? Hamlet: That if you be honest and fair, your honesty should admit no discourse to your beauty (1097). Hamlet was on to her in this discussion he knew that she was lying. He just wanted to her feel like the weaker one. He also wanted to shoe his Uncle and Polonius that he knew what was up. Ophelia sells hamlet out to follow the orders of her father. Since Ophelia has no true identity to herself, all she merely can be is a pawn on a chessboard. Gertrude is one of those women that knows exactly what is going and never says anything. She definitely knows how and who killed her husband but, thinks it is a great idea to keep her mouth shut. Gertrude had the nerve to marry her husband's brother two months after he died. In a way that portrays that she never really loved the king. Hamlet: Mother, you have my father much offended. Queen: Come, come, you answer with an idle tongue. Hamlet: Go, go, you question with a wicked tongue. Queen: Why, how now, Hamlet! Hamlet: What's the matter now? Queen: Have you forgot me? Hamlet: No, by the rood, not so: You are the queen, your husband's brother's wife; And,--would it were not so!?you are my mother(1097) . In this discussion Hamlet is telling his mom that he disapproves of her marriage. He also tells her that she is not paying any attention to him. Gertrude has a hard time standing up for herself and her son. The king has such control over her that it seems like she never has her own opinion. She always agrees with Claudius and never speaks out about any issues that is happening in the castle. Gertrude is a spineless waif, she is a nobody but at the same time she is a someone to her people. It is like she is a paradox to her identity. She never knows what identity to portray to her husband or to her people. Gertrude now begins to see her epiphany. By Hamlet's yelling and screaming Gertrude finally understood why Hamlet was so upset. Queen: O Hamlet, speak no more: Thou turn'st mine eyes into my very soul; And there I see such black and grained spots as will not leave there tinct. Hamlet: Nay, but to live In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed, Stew'd in corruption, honeying and making love over the nasty sty,- Queen: O, speak to me nomore; These words like daggers enter in mine ears; No, more sweet Hamlet(1113-14). In this play the female heroine has a way of making women look weak and helpless. To women of today this play would be extremely insulting to the female mind. In Hamlet women have been viewed as frail subordinate creature. As the reader this play sends a contemptuous message to women.

loneliness in Of Mi and Mence essays

loneliness in Of Mi and Mence essays In John Steinbecks Of Mice And Men loneliness runs alongside friendship as a major theme. Although ranch life in the 1930s America is lonely for migrant workers and many other people, George and Lennie, two of the loneliest guys in the world (13), at least have each other. For African-Americans like Crooks, women like Curleys wife, or the old like Candy, life is far more lonely. The person who expresses his loneliness most openly and deeply is Crooks the African-American stablehand, a victim of racial prejudice. When Lennie enters his room uninvited, Crooks, out of bitter pride, exercises his only right, that of privacy in his own room. (68) He is so desperately lonely that he cruelly tries to hurt Lennie with tales of George deserting him to try to make him understand what it feels like to be so alone. (71-72) His envy of their friendship shows when he says: George can tell you screwy things, and it dont matter. Its just the talking. Its just bein with another guy. (71) Glad to have someone to talk to, he warns of the dangers of too much loneliness and continues with: A guy needs somebody- to be near him... A guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. (72) The reason Lennie goes to see Crooks, of course, is that George is out of town with the other ranch hands and he wants some company. When Candy joins them too, Crooks can hardly conceal his pleasure w ith anger. (75) Candy the cleaner seems to deal with his loneliness by gossiping and listening for whats going on. He also worries about his future when he is too old to work and explains his reasons for wanting to be part of the plan to buy a smallholding: When they can me here I wisht somebodyd shoot me... I wont have no place to go, an I cant get no more jobs. (60) Curleys wife would have been doomed to ...

Urban Politics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Urban Politics - Research Paper Example Poverty in the United States is seen to vary to a great degree depending on a number of factors; some of these factors include an individual’s education level, age, family living arrangements, area of residence and labor force attachment. Poverty is noted to generally be more highly concentrated in some areas as compared to others. This aspect is clearly demonstrated by the fact that poverty levels are found to be considerably higher in the center of cities as compared to a city’s suburban areas. In addition to this, poverty rates are also found to be about three times as high in the poorest states as compared to the least poor states. Of note is that it is normal for some neighborhoods to be characterized as having a higher concentration of poverty as compared to others. According to Gabe (2015), the incidence of poverty in central city areas is generally found to be considerably higher at 19.1% than that in suburban areas 11.1% within metropolitan areas. As at 2013, nonmetropolitan areas were recorded as having poverty rates averaging about 16.1%. A typical pattern in poverty rates in metropolitan areas is for the poverty rates to generally be highest in the center city areas. These high rates of poverty then proceed to gradually drop off as one moves towards the suburban areas before experiencing a subsequent increase with increasing distance from the core of the metropolitan area. Ever since President Lyndon Johnson first moved to declare a War on Poverty in the United States and the subsequent passage of the 1964 Economic Opportunity Act, the optimism that first surrounded these measures is noted to have rapidly faded over the years. Both the Federal and the State governments have over the years designed and implemented a number of policies designed to help to reducing poverty rates but these have been met with moderate success. The rather unwelcome corollary that has resulted from rural-urban

Current Issues in the Persian Gulf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Current Issues in the Persian Gulf - Essay Example In addition, it has restricted outside access, built an airstrip and increased military presence on the island. Challenges that make gulf to be a troubled region is not a recent development, neither is it news for the Washingtoni. The vast oil reserves in the region make the balance of power in the gulf a concern for US policy makers. The US has been constantly involved in the gulf region, and this is consistent with the western security policy. Since the end of World War 2, US has ensured that gulf region gains stability and access to oil preservation increasesii. Washington policies in the gulf are not for US to gain access to water, but indeed ensure that there is stability of the oil market in the region. This is because oil shocks might negatively affect oil prices in the US. Geopolitics and energy security are not only the factors that engage US in the Gulf region. The American quest for ensuring stability in energy prices has been influenced by ideological considerations on the nature of US power. During the cold war, US strategy was to fight communism that was advocated by the Soviet Union. The collapse of communism in the gulf and end of soviet threat made the US reassess their strategies. The major concern of the US and other international communities in the Gulf is to ensure there is stability and security. This will reduce risk in energy markets around the world and encourage investors to invest in this regioniii. US and Iran relation is a step in the right direction as there will be international supervision of nuclear program, and in turn sanction in Iran will be uplifted. This will increase the living standards in the region and ensure there is stability in the region. This relation is an import step where dialogue is used instead of deploying troops in the region. Deploying troops in the Gulf region will certainly increase risk than reduces these risks. Iran

1980s Latin America Debt Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

1980s Latin America Debt Crisis - Essay Example Latin American countries followed a heavy reliance on debt finance. First, increases in foreign debt in these countries were higher than the revenues they had derived from their annual exports. In 1976, Mexico exported oil which paved the way for excess imports since cheap loans can be readily tapped. Brazil implemented a program of industrial expansion. Argentina and Chile established an overvalued exchange rate policy as an integral part of anti-inflationary strategy. Diverse government policies led these Latin American countries to defective exchange rate policies and excessive dependence on external capital flows.Another factor for the persistent debt problem was the fact that state enterprises became the conduit for absorbing external resources. The government guarantee provided for foreign denominated loans was attractive to external lenders who had no information on the real risk profile of the debtors. Public enterprises implemented programs of investment which guaranteed dir ect control over the foreign exchange proceeds to the national government. (Wesson, 9)In the years after 1983, these countries suffered from capital outflows and from the persistent slide in primary commodity prices. From 1983 up to 1986, Latin American terms of trade declined by 15 percent. Increased exports were negatively affected by falling prices. Countries. Argentina and Peru were especially hard hit. Mexico went into crisis due to falling oil prices in 1986.The lingering imbalance in the U.S. balance of payments contributed to the disadvantage of Latin America. The United States buys manufactured imports from Asian Countries (NICs) while shutting off capital flows from Latin American countries. Japanese and European surpluses were sent to the United States to get higher rates of investment. Economic growth in Latin America was supported by an import-substitution industrialization which protected the domestic industrial economy by means of high tariffs, import duties, and government subsidies. The initial arrangement benefited the economy but by the late 1960s, it was beginning to negatively affect agriculture which provides the needed foreign exchange. The industry had expensive domestic inputs that resulted in making major Mexican agricultural exports uncompetitive. Government policies which controlled domestic food prices also discouraged the increase of food production. As the population increased, consumption rose, reducing the amount of food available for export. It became necessary either to generate more resources to satisfy the demands of the population, or to control or decrease such demands without undermining the peace of the ruling party. By 1970, Lus Echeverra Alvarez, was elected president. He implemented the policy of stabilizing development. Stabilizing development is the economic strategy which emphasized growth over equity. The assumption had been that these resources would trickle down to the poor. The Echeverra administration opted for a strategy of shared development. This policy would emphasize equity and growth by policies that channel a greater share of economic gains to Mexico's lower classes. Echeverra encouraged more aggressive trade unions and he rued that foreign investors and domestic businessmen for exploiting the country. As conflict increased and confidence in the administration's policies declined, capital flight began. The government was forced to devalue the Mexican peso twice. Echeverra's anger and dismay led him to expropriate vast tracts of private agricultural land to give them to landless peasants. The president's attempt to spend his way into growth and equity had clearly failed by 1976, when Jos Lpez Portillo succeeded him. Portillo assumed a conciliatory approach in the face of problems. He then decided to secure foreign funding using the vast petroleum reserves of Mexico. Finally, commercial bankers were lining up to lend Mexico money in an attempt to reinvest billions of petrodollars that Arab governments had placed on

Impact of Airports Political, Environmental and Social

Impact of Airports Political, Environmental and Social Airports play an important economic role within their local communities. Airports serve a significant role in the economic shaping of the communities of which they serve due to the sheer actuality that they are among the largest public facilities in the world. It is well understood that a viable and efficient transportation system is a fundamental and necessary component to the economy of any region (Wells Young, 2004). Although there is no doubt that the presence of an airport has great positive impacts on a surrounding community from an economic standpoint, the presence of an airport, much like any large industrial complex, unfortunately impacts the community and surrounding natural environment in what many consider a negative manner. These effects are a result of activity whose sources is the airport itself and of vehicles, as well as both aircraft and ground vehicles, which travel to and from the airport (Wells Young, 2004). Examine the political, environmental and social impact an airport has on its local community. Analyze some rules and regulations that govern environmental impact activities, and explain how their strategies help satisfy the needs of the local communities while maintaining sufficient airport operations. Determine and evaluate the role technology plays in mitigating the risks and reducing the environmental impacts created by airport activity. Determine if a relationship exist between community economic growth indicators and airport activity. Program Outcome addressed by this question. 1. P.O. #1: Students will be able to apply the fundamentals of air transportation as part of a global, multimodal transportation system, including the technological, social, environmental, and political aspects of the system to examine, compare, analyze and recommend conclusion. A literary review will analyze the environmental impacts of airports on the surrounding communities in which they serve. An evaluation of environmentally related complaints filed against aviation activity and reported to the FAA will determine the most significant environmental impacts associated with airports. Predicting the future of the global multimodal air transportation system is impossible without first understanding the local role and responsibility of each component of the air transportation system. This question will show evidence of satisfying the Program Outcome by demonstrating how the social, economical, political, and environmental fundamentals of an airport are an integral part of the air transportation system, and how these factors contribute to the relationship that an airport has with its surrounding communities. Research and Analysis Airports serve a significant role in the political, economic, and social shaping of the communities of which they serve due to the sheer actuality that they are among the largest public facilities in the world. Political Roles A major commercial airport is a huge public enterprise. Some are literally cities in their own right, with a great variety of facilities and services (Wells Young, 2004). Although the administrative functions and responsibilities of these facilities are governed by public entities, airports are also comprised of private dispositions. Commercial airports must be operated in cooperation with the air carriers that provide air transportation service and all airports must work with tenants, such as concessionaires, fixed-based operators (FBOs), and other firms doing business on airport property. This amalgamation of public management and private enterprise fashions a unique political role for airport management (Wells Young, 2004). Airline carrier-airport relationships. One of the most prominent and essential relationships in the aviation industry is the airport airline relationship. When viewing the relationship from the airlines standpoint, an airport is a point along their route system for the purpose of enplaning, deplaning, and transferring passengers, cargo, and freight. To facilitate effective and efficient operations, the airlines necessitate specific facilities and services at each airport. The specified requirements of the airports are as varied and unique as the airlines who request them; however, they scarcely remain stagnant, as they are ever changing and evolving to meet the needs of traffic demands, economic conditions, and the competitive climate. Before airline deregulation in 1978, response to changes of this sort was slow and mediated by the regulatory process. Airlines had to apply to the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) for permission to add or drop routes or to change fares. CAB deliberations involved published notices, comments f rom opposing parties, and sometimes hearings that could take months, even years, and all members of the airline airport community were aware of an airline carriers intention to make a change long before they received permission from the CAB (Wells Young, 2004). The Deregulation Act of 1978 enabled air carriers to change their routes and fares without awaiting the approval of the CAB. Many of these changes occurred on short notice, thus causing airline necessities and requirements at airports to change with haste. Contrary to the viewpoints of air carriers, which operate at multiple airports over a route system connecting many cities, airports concentrate on accommodating the interests of a variety of users at a solitary location. Airport operators and managers have the strenuous task of ensuring that they meet all the demands and requirements of their airline carriers while maintaining their resources. Due to the rapidly changing specifics of each airline carrier, airports often find their services and facilities needing improving or refurbishing, requiring major capital expenditures or even making obsolete an already constructed facility. Airport operators and managers must exercise diligence and caution in realizing that they accommodate and must meet the needs of other tenants and users besides the airline carriers, and must ensure that the airports landside facilities are effectively and efficiently utilized. Although the landside facilities are of minimal importance to the airline carrie rs, their efficiency can severely have an effect on and be affected by their operations. Despite their notably different perspectives, airline carriers and airports share the collective objective of making the airport a successful and established economic venture in which both parties can benefit and prosper from. Traditionally the relationship between the airline carriers and airports has been formally fused through the use of airport user agreements which establish the circumstances and methodology for establishing, calculating, and collecting usage fees and charges. These agreements are also used to identify the rights and privileges of air carriers, sometimes including the right to approve or disapprove any major proposed airport capital development projects (Wells Young, 2004). Residual cost airports, or airports where two or more air carriers assume financial risk by agreeing to pay any cost of running the airport that are not allocated to other users, typically have longer-term use agreements than compensatory airports, with agreements of terms of 20 or more year s and terms of 30 years or longer not being uncommon. On the other hand, only approximately half of compensatory airports, or airports in which the airport operator assumes the financial risk of running the airport and charges the air carrier fees and rental rates set so as to recover the actual costs, have agreements running for 20 years or more, with many of the compensatory airports having no contractual agreements whatsoever with the airline carriers (Wells Young, 2004). Concessionaire-airport relationships. Another vital relationship which attributes to an airports success is the relationship between the airport and the concessionaires. This is due to the fact that the majority of airports rely on their concessionaires in order to generate a considerable amount of their non-aviation related revenues. Airports maintain management contracts and concession agreements with the concessionaires who provided the airport with services and facilities such as banks, restaurants, hotels, car rental companies, parking facilities, bookstores, bars, gift shops, taxi services, and business centers. The context of these agreements varies to a great extent; however, they typically extend the various concessionaires the privilege of operating on the property of the airport in exchange for the greater payment of either a minimal annual fee, or a percentage of the revenues. These agreements can vary from outlet to outlet at the same airport depending upon location, nature of business, forecast turnover and whether or not the outlet is new (Francis et. al, 2004). The tenure of each agreement between the airport and the various concessionaires and the financial circumstances affixed to each will vary by airport and concessionaire. The length of the contractual agreement is dependent upon an array of criteria, with one of the most important being the level of investment required from the retailer. If little investment is required then a contract is often short term; however, if any substantial level of investment is required from the retailer then a contract of five years would be considered the minimum (Freathy OConnell, 1999). A concessionaire who is often overlooked when speaking of concessionaire, despite its critically important role, is the fixed based operator (FBO). FBOs generally provide services for airport firms, users, and tenants lacking facilities of their own, typically through fuel sales, and aircraft repair, service, and maintenance facility operations. The contracts and agreements between airport operators and FBOs vary due to FBOs constructing and developing its own facilities on airport property in some cases, and FBOs simply managing facilities belonging to the airport in other cases. In addition to concessionaires, some airport authorities serve as landlord to other tenants which may reside and operate on airport property such as industrial parks, freight forwarders, and warehouses, all of which can provide significant revenue. It is the responsibility of airport management to maintain fruitful political relationships with all tenants, by ensuring reasonable lease fees, contract terms, and an overall mix of tenants that meet the needs of the airport and the public it serves (Wells Young, 2004). General aviation-airport relationships. In contrast to airline carriers and concessionaires, contractual agreements are rarely used to characterize and solidify the relationships between airport operators and general aviation (GA). GA is a diverse group which can be comprised of GA aircraft owned and operated by an assortment of organizations and individuals for a miscellaneous number of leisure, business, or instructional purposes. Agreement when they are in place, are seldom long term due to the variety and diversity of owners and aircraft type and use. Airport facilities, in particular storage space such as hangars and tie-downs, are often leased from the airport with the airport playing the role of landlord in a landlord-tenant relationship. Thus, at the airport, the primary needs of GA are parking and storage space, along with facilities for fuel, maintenance, and repair. Whereas as air carrier might occupy a gate for an hour to deplane and enplane passengers and load fuel, a GA user might need to have property space to park an aircraft for a day or more (Wells Young, 2004). Airport-public relations. Indubitably, one of the most vital and challenging relationships that an airport must foster and maintain, is the relationship between the airport and its community it serves. The overall goal of the airport must be to create goodwill and a positive reputation for the airport and its products, services, and ideals with the community, who can affect its present and future welfare. Without regards to the size, location, or activity scope of an airport, every airport four publics in which it must deal with. These publics include the 1) external business public, which includes all segments of the business, government, educational, and general flying public; the 2) external general public, which is all the local citizens and taxpayer, many of whom have never been to the airport but who vote on airport issues or who represent citizens groups with particular concerns; the 3) internal business public, which includes the businesses and enterprises who interests are tied directly to the airpor t-the airlines, FBOs, other members of the GA community, government officials, and other aviation and travel-oriented local businesses and trade organizations, and the employees of all these enterprises; and the 4) internal employee public comprised of everyone who works for the airport and its parent organization (Wells Young, 2004). Like any other facility that is a part of and serves the total community, the airport requires total understanding by its community and publics, and must ensure that it creates an environment and atmosphere of awareness and acceptance. Airport regulatory policies. The airport has many organizations who are profoundly interested in their operations, and in developing and preserving airports due to their role in the national air transportation system and their value to the communities and publics they serve. The primary goal of these groups is to provide political support for their causes with hopes to influence federal, state, and local laws concerning airports and aviation operations in their favor (Wells Young, 2004). Some of the most prominent groups include the Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA), the Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA), the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the Air Transport Association of America (ATA), the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), the Aviation Distributors and Manufacturers Association (ADMA), the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA), the Flight Safety Foundation (FSF), the General Aviation Manufacturers Association (G AMA), the Helicopter Association International (HAI), the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the National Agricultural Aviation Association (NAAA), the National Air Transportation Association (NATA), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), the National Business Aviation Association (NBAA), the Professional Aviation Maintenance Association (PAMA), and the Regional Airline Association (RAA). Economic Roles Unquestionably, airports are economic locomotives and a reflection of the community, publics, and region in which they reside, serve, and represent. Transportation, by definition, provides the ability for people and goods to move between communities, thus leading to trade and commerce between markets, which in turn, lead to jobs, earnings, and overall economic benefit for a communitys residents (Wells Young, 2004). Transportation role. Despite the fact that there are numerous modes of transportations, to include automobiles, trains, trucks, and ships, air travel has had a significant impact on trade and commerce that is absolutely unrivaled by any other transportation mode. In comparison to their sister modes of transportation, travel in the aviation system allows substantial amounts of passengers and cargo to travel internationally in relatively short periods of time, resulting in communities garnering extraordinary and exceptional economic benefit through providing them access to various world-wide markets. Stimulating economic growth. The airport has become vital to the growth of business and industry in a community by providing air access for companies that must meet the demands of supply, competition, and expanding marketing areas. Economic impacts of airports are measured according to direct impact and indirect, or induced, impact. Directs impacts include the economic activities carried out at the airport by airline carriers, airport management and operators, FBOs, and other firms, and tenants with a direct involvement with aviation. Airports and the agencies and tenants that directly impact the airports represent a major source of employment for their various outlying communities, with the wages and salaries earned by the employees of airport-related business having a significant direct economic impact on the local communities economy by providing the means to purchase goods and services while generating tax revenues as well. Local payrolls are not the only measure of an airports economic benefit to the commun ity. In addition, the employee expenditures generate successive waves of additional employment and purchases that are more difficult to measure, yet nevertheless substantial (Wells Young, 2004). Total Airport Earnings and Employment (Earnings in Millions) Category Earnings Jobs Salaries $208.91 4,870 Local Fuel Purchases $3.99 237 Local Non-Fuel Purchases $4.23 252 Rent $18.35 723 Equipment Purchases $1.39 82 Utilities $8.07 318 Contractual Services $41.77 1,647 State Taxes $10.16 125 Local Taxes $27.42 338 Other Spending $73.14 901 Hotel Spending $42.20 2,234 Construction $19.11 743 Total $458.74 12,471 * Totals may not add due to rounding Table 1: Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport (MSY) 2004 earnings and employment. Taken from MSY 2004 Airport Report In addition to the direct economic impact generated by the airport, the outlying communities receive indirect, or induced, impact generated by economic activities by on-airport businesses and off-airport business activities associated with the airport through-put, such as hotels, gas stations, restaurants, and travel agencies, as well their roles in facilitating trade and tourism, among others. The airport also indirectly supports the local economy through the use of local services for air cargo, food catering to the airlines, aircraft maintenance, and ground transportation on and around the airport, as regular purchases of fuel, food, goods, supplies, equipment, and other services permeate additional income into the communities surrounding the airport. The local economys tourism and business convention industry can also receive economic growth and substantial revenues indirectly impacted by the airport through air travelers patronage and use of hotels, restaurants, retail stores, sp orts and night clubs, rental cars, and local transportation, among others. Beyond the benefits that an airport brings to the community as a transportation facility and as a local industry, the airport has become a significant factor in the determination of real estate values in adjacent areas. Land located near airports almost always increases in value as the local economy begins to benefit from the presence of the airport. Land developers consistently seek land near airports, and it follows inexorably that a new airport will inspire extensive construction around it (Wells Young, 2004). TOTAL TAX REVENUE CREATED (In millions of $s) CATEGORY INCOME State Direct $9.95 Income $7.18 Selective Sales $7.52 General Sales $8.90 Business $2.48 Total State $36.04 Local Sales $10.57 Local Direct $23.83 Local Property Taxes $0.97 Total Local $35.38 State Plus Local $71.41 * Totals may not add due to rounding Table 2: MSY Tax revenue created 2004. Taken from MSY 2004 Airport Report Airports are a major force and contributor to the local, regional, and national economy with an impact that goes well beyond the actual physical boundaries of the airport. As cargo and passenger continue to rise, and infrastructure continue to improve, the importance and impacts of airports as economic catalyst will also continue to increase. Environmental Roles Although there is no doubt that the presence of an airport has great positive impacts on a surrounding community from an economic standpoint, the presence of an airport, much like any large industrial complex, unfortunately impacts the community and surrounding natural environment in what many consider a negative manner. These effects are a result of activity whose sources is the airport itself and of vehicles, as well as both aircraft and ground vehicles, which travel to and from the airport (Wells Young, 2004). Noise Impacts. Conceivably the most noteworthy environmental impact associated with airports is the noise emanated by the taking off and landing of aircraft, with engine maintenance and taxiing aircraft following closely behind. The impact of such noise on communities is usually analyzed in terms of the extent to which the noise annoys people by interfering with their normal activities, such as sleep, relaxation, speech, television, school, and business operations (GAO, 2000). According to a 1978 study that has become the generally accepted model for assessing the effects of long-term noise exposure, when sound exposure levels are measured by the method that assigns additional weight to sounds occurring at night (between 10 p.m. and 7 a.m.), and those sound levels exceed 65 decibels, individuals report a noticeable increase in annoyance (Schultz, 1978). There is increasing evidence that high exposure to noise has adverse psychological and physiological effects and that people repeatedly exposed to loud noises might exhibit high stress levels, nervous tension, and inability to concentrate (Wells Young, 2004). Since the beginning of aviation, airports have always had conflicts with their neighboring communities; however, noise did not become an issue until the 1960s introduction of the commercial jet. It is estimated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) that between 1960 and 1970, the land area affected by aviation-related noise and the complaints they received with noise as the culprit increased sevenfold.

Marketing strategies, tactics, and techniques: A handbook for practitioners Essay

Psychological marketing Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a broad spectrum, there are different techniques that are used by sellers, marketers as well as the entire production companies to market their products as an endeavor to lure customers towards their side. One of those techniques is known as â€Å"Other-enhancement†. Essentially, other enhancement is one of the techniques that is used by the advertisers to make consumers or the targeted audience have positive attitude towards them. It is mostly done to perfection through gratifying them and is elemental in some of the product promotion endeavors as a means of advertisement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a matter of fact, the advertisers use exaggeration in portraying the positive side of the company in a bid to make customers to prefer working with them. For instance, Travel Company tries to sell tickets and uses the comments in commercial, â€Å"you deserve this, because you work hard.† When the customers read and analyze the comment, they feel recognized and their hard work recognized in the bid to make the company happy, they end up buying more goods or services as a means of awarding them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the L’Oreal, the cosmetic company technique of advertisement in the ad, Other-enhancement proves to be key as the company creates new red rouge. Inherently the advertisement uses other-enhancement technique to emphasize the unique characteristics of every woman, saying â€Å"rouge as unique as you are.† This makes customers feel different and special from others and at the same time, the company relates their unique feature of product relates to every woman’s uniqueness. â€Å"Your lips deserve more than just color â€Å"Tailored just for you and your smile, because you are worth it† creates the value of self-recognition. Here, the company shows the specialty of a commodity even if in the real sense it is not. The items value is exaggerated to catch the attention of the customers and make them buy their goods. L’REAL, uses words â€Å"enhancing luxurious feel† to sell their makeups us ing this technique.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In summary, most companies employ the psychological selling techniques as discussed. L’OREAL employs such methods to make their sales. The goods being sold are not as valuable as they are made look. The sellers play with the minds of potential buyers to trap them and make them buy their items. This marketing technique is adopted by most of the selling companies to promote the stock clearance. References Dobkin, J. (2008). Direct marketing strategies. Merion Station, PA: Danielle Adams Pub. Paley, N. (2008). The Marketing Strategy Desktop Guide. London: Thorogood. Rogers, S. C. (2001). Marketing strategies, tactics, and techniques: A handbook for practitioners. Westport, Conn: Quorum Books. Source document

Portfolio Analysis of Square

Case Study: Portfolio Analysis of Square Toiletries LimitedPrepared by: Fatin Khandoker Ashraful Hassan Ashik Towhida Tasnim Rukhsar Sanjaree Nawaz Jafrin Ahmed Adiba Square is a well-renowned brand in Bangladesh. It provides a wide range of markets with various products and services. It operates various sectors and one of them being Square Toiletries Limited. The Boston Consulting Group Approach (BCG Matrix) is the method by which a company identifies what makes up their portfolio. BCG Matrix helps to process the portfolio and analyze its product’s attractiveness. The company can then decide whether to refrain from or invest into the product or brand. In this case, Square Toiletries Limited is represented by four brands in four different markets. They are Meril Splash in the beauty soap market, Chaka in the washing powder market, Freshgel in the toothpaste market and finally Senora in the sanitary napkin market. As assigned by the Square Toiletries Limited, our analysis of the given products in relation to the BCG Matrix is given below: On the vertical axis, the market growth rate provides a measure of attractiveness. On the horizontal axis, the relative market share serves as a measure of company strength in the market. STAR: Square Toiletries Limited has a sanitary napkin under which comes the brand ‘Senora’. Senora holds 60% of the market share in terms of volume, which is much higher than any other competitive sanitary napkin brands in the market. It also has a high market growth. Senora can be considered as a star product of Square Toiletries Limited as it has both a high market growth as well as a high share in the market. Thus Senora requires a high amount of investment to ustain their attractiveness in the market as its competitors are international brands. CASH-COWS: In the matrix shown on the previous page, Chaka washing-powder can be considered the cash-cows of Square Toiletries Limited. Cash-cows are low-growth, high-share businesses or products. Chaka comprises 9% of the total market share in Bangladesh. It cannot compete with the likes of Wheel which controls a whopping 40% of the market share. Chaka however can compete with its local rivals such as Keya (6% market share), Tibet (9% market share) among others. It is an established and successful SBU which doesn’t require much investment. Chaka earns a lot of cash which can be used to pay for the expenses of the business and support other SBUs needing investment. QUESTION MARKS: Meril Splash, a product of Square Toiletries Limited has a market share of 6% in the highly growing beauty-soap market. Compared to other brands like Lux, which has the most customers and an extremely high market share of 60%, Meril Splash has a very low market share. As a matter of fact, Meril Splash can be considered under the ‘Question Marks’ category since they are low-share business units in high-growth market. This brand will require a lot of investment to hold its share in the market. So the management needs to make a very wise decision about investing further in this product and take the risk to turn it into a ‘star’ or should it be phased out. DOGS: Unlike its business compatriots, Freshgel, a toothpaste brand from Square Toiletries Limited has a very low market share of just 2%. This category of product has low market growth. Hence in the BCG matrix, it can be considered a ‘dog’. It is categorized as such because it has both a low market share and a low market growth rate. Therefore Square Toiletries Limited should stop investing in Freshgel as it does not promise to produce a large source of cash. Eventually Freshgel should be closed down. By focusing and working properly on such aspects of the business, Square Toiletries can become a money-making machine.

The Lovely Bones Essay Example

The Lovely Bones Essay Example The Lovely Bones Paper The Lovely Bones Paper Novel text: The lovely bones A study of the writing techniques Sebold uses to engage with the readers. Focus on: 1. Narrative style -1st Person Narrative -Tone -Imagery 2. Use of Flashbacks 3. Symbols 4. Names of characters Themes: ? Death ? Grief ? Healing ? Loss of innocence ? Isolation /Ostracism ? Family relationships -coping with loss and change Study of Techniques 1. NARRATIVE STYLE First Person -An intimate relationship is formed immediately so that we side with Susie instantly and begin to allow ourselves to be consumed by Susie’s tragedy -1st sentence. She confides in us -not only rape/murder (Chap 1), but her first kiss (p14), the secret, revealing photo of her mother (p 43), her hiding spots (p145) etc, we form a relationship of trust. â€Å"I WANT TO GROW UP† P19 Tone -Unsentimental tone -Chilling description -see imagery (imagery and tone work together to create sympathy) -Sebold’s narrative is void of feeling and sentiment -as if she does this so w e the readers fill it with our own emotive reactions empathy Imagery The strong and graphic imagery used evokes a strong emotional reaction from the reader -uses strong imagery to reinforce relationship between Susie and reader because we feel deep sympathy for what has happened to Susie. -â€Å"fitting my limbs together†-p8 -â€Å"he had put me in a waxy cloth sack†¦tumbled together with my knees fingers and toes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  -p50 -â€Å"town of floating graves† p182 USE OF FLASHBACKS -a technique that acts as a vehicle in allowing us to understand characters better, and feel sympathy for them flashbacks are scattered right through the novel Different ways flashbacks are used: Sympathy for Susie -Happy, normal childhood memories juxtaposed with her cruel reality. first kiss p13 -Everything precious memory of Susie’s is ruined by Mr. Harvey -flashbacks stylistic device used to further our hatred for Mr. Harvey and our sympathy for Mr. Harvey. sinkhole p51 -Technique of contrast -contrast present sadness of her life with youthful happiness of her stolen past. To understand characters contrast them before and after Susie’s death -we see them deal with death, loss grief in different ways. Jack Salmon Many memories of him being perfect father, p7, p51 then we see him deteriorate to a broken man carrying the guilt of not being there for Susie when she needed him p58 Contrast of happy memories with Abigail strong marriage to breakdown of marriage due to Susie’s death. Mr. Harvey -Even as the villain, flashbacks are used to conjure sympathy for Mr. Harvey. They are used to expose his disturbing/traumatic childhood and force the reader to see him as once innocent and more human. p188- 189, p97 With these flashbacks we must consider Mr. Harvey as a victim and his own inability to deal with loss and grief, (like Jack Salmon they both ostracize themselves from society). 3. SYMBOLS There is much symbolism within the text just a few to consider: To symbolise theme of healing and loss Salmon family must accept Susie’s death and find a new support structure amongst themselves. This colloquial term provokes humour in the family, and the â€Å"o’† is a reference to an Irish dialect. Sebold shows the reader that she changes the atmosphere within the family. In contrast to this, in the other extract she tells Lindsey that Abigail is â€Å"a wreck†, as if provoking Lindsey into conversation. Sebold uses to show the reader that as well as making a scene relaxed and humorous, she also is able to use colloquial language to talk about difficult, sensitive issues with the family. Lynn is characterised by Sebold through her excessive vanity, obsessed with the idea of beauty she does not reply to Abigail’s comment regarding her looks and immediately jumps into conversation regarding Jack and his suspicions. Later in this scene she then pressurises Abigail into letting her â€Å"do a makeover†, and when Lindsey asks Lynn to teach her about makeup, Sebold shows Lynn to be rejoiced about this by saying â€Å"My God in heaven, praise the Lord, yes! †. The use of exclamatives emphasises her vanity, as the reader can see her excitement in being able to teach her granddaughter about makeup. This also shows the reader the relationship she has with her family – her daughter is reluctant to let her get anywhere near her with â€Å"those instruments of torture†, which indicates that it may have happened to her previously with disastrous consequences, however her granddaughter is willing to do undergo this, to encourage Lindsey’s transformation from a teenager into a woman. This is reiterated when Lynn helps Susie find an outfit, where Lynn attempts to find Susie a â€Å"nice outfit† from her wardrobe. The idea of looks and appearance begins to rub off on Lindsey, who says that she â€Å"needs to look pretty†, an ideology closely followed by Lynn. Sebold also shows Lynn to be a frequent drinker, with her dependence on alcohol shown throughout the novel. As soon as she is introduced she is shown to drink excessively as she says â€Å"no one has to tell me where the liquor is! † The use of exclamatives in this sentence emphasises the idea that she has visited the Salmon family before, and that she drank excessively then. This can be seen as an ‘inside joke’ between the family. However, Sebold emphasises the point that she is dependent when she says to Jack â€Å"we need some stiff drinks†. The pronoun â€Å"we† is used to draw the attention away from herself, to make it look like she isn’t the only one who wants a drink. Lynn’s lexical choices also enhance her alcoholism, as Sebold uses the adjective â€Å"stiff† to describe how she wants the drinks to be strong, to help cope with the memorial. Sebold portrays Lynn as a very dominant character through the relationships she has with her family. When talking to others she controls the conversation through the use of interrogatives and through this is able to bring up sensitive areas with the family. She asks Abigail â€Å"how is he? † when Jack has left the room, and when he returns quickly drops conversation with â€Å"but†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This ellipsis shows the reader how, although dominative, she is also sensitive to her family and does not want to upset anybody. This is shown again in the other extract where Lynn tells Lindsey â€Å"You are pretty†, which shocks both Lindsey and Susie as Lynn rarely gives out compliments. Lynn is shown to be a very caring member of the family, despite being somewhat flawed, and the way that she impacts upon the family after she has arrived shows that she plays a key role in the novel. Through her use of colloquial language, Sebold shows us that she is able to change the atmosphere of each scene, from humorous to very serious, and the varied sentence structures that Sebold uses portrays Lynn’s views and opinions, and structures her character.

Before the civil war

Before the civil war, a woman had a specific place in society, one that was extremely inferior to that of men. People had developed notions of what it meant to be a woman. The Civil War changed those notions. The War was the beginning of womans strive for suffrage in America. As the war came to an end, women became more involved in the world, and were allowed to achieve and accomplish a lot of things that only men had done in the past. The attributes of True Womanhood, by which a woman judged herself and was judged by her husband, her neighbors, and society could be divided into four cardinal virtues- piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity. (Welter 152). In her work, American Quarterly: The cult of True Womanhood, Barbara Welter explains her view on the role of a woman before the Civil War. In order for a girl to reach true womanhood she would have to reach for perfection in the four above categories. After the war, two of these attributes began to decline greatly in women, as they began to find new roles in society. Women started becoming more independent, and the submissiveness and domesticity gradually started to fade. They still had these qualities, but they were definitely not as strong as they had been before the war. Submission was perhaps the most feminine virtue expected of women. Men were supposed to be religious, although they rarely had time for it, and supposed to be pure, although it came awfully hard to them, but men were the movers, the doers, the actors. Women were the passive, submissive responders. (158-9). Women were very submissive before the war, but after it, they felt that they had earned a new role. They learned to perform the duties formerly only performed by men, and now felt that they did not have to give in so easily to the commands of them. A wife should occupy herself only with domestic affairs-wait till your husba...

Faith Diversity. Spiritual Healing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Faith Diversity. Spiritual Healing - Assignment Example In the present healthcare stipulation, healthcare providers need to undoubtedly have a wonderful understanding, acceptance and appreciation of the varied religious systems their patients belong to, almost all of which will be different from their beliefs (Ketchell, Pyles, & Canda, n.d). In this paper, three religions that are often met in health care facilities – Baha’ism, Buddhism, and Hinduism will be discussed. All these three religions have many similarities as well as many distinctions. This paper will respond to the following questions about each of the three religions: ‘What is the spiritual perspective on healing of each religion?’ ‘What are the critical components of healing, such as prayer, meditation, belief, etc?’, ‘What is important to people of the particular faith when cared for by a health care provider whose spiritual beliefs differ from their own?’, and â€Å"How do patients view health care providers who are abl e to let go of their own beliefs in the interest of the beliefs and practices of the patient?† Furthermore, these religions will be compared with Christianity and its perspective on faith and healing. In the end, I shall share the knowledge that I gained after researching the spiritual healing perspectives of these three religions. A Research on Spiritual Healing in Buddhism, Hinduism and Baha’ism Spiritual healing is a healing in which the patient is cured through spiritual practices. The perspective of spiritual healing is wide but generally includes meditation and prayers. Spiritual healing is found in all of the world’s major religions though it varies from one religion to another. Most patients belong to different faiths in the health care institutes the world over. In recent times, the health care providers have to deal with patients with varied surroundings and faiths. In this essay, the spiritual concept of health will be explored from the perspective of three major religious perspectives – Buddhism, Hinduism and Baha’ism. Moreover, we shall discuss what is essential for people of all these three beliefs and how do these patients examine health care providers. The spiritual perspective of healing of the three faiths – Buddhism, Hinduism and Baha’ism The Buddhists believe in inner healing and consider their health as the most fundamental asset in their life. Their healing procedure conceptualizes the mind and body as one single element. For instance, the sickness of one’s body has an effect on one’s psychological wellbeing. Therefore, they believe that personal enlightenment is the best way of curing one’s health. Moreover, the principle of karma directs the Buddhist concept of physical health. In other words, they believe that a person’s undesirable acts of harming oneself or others lead to injury or ill heath in this life as well as in future embodiments, therefore one needs t o rectify his karma for one’s wellbeing( Ketchell, Pyles & Canda, n.d). The second religion in discussion is one of the world’s most ancient religions – Hinduism. The Hindus are firm believers of God and religiously offer prayers every day. They too believe in termination of some essentials of human life that ensnares people in the continuous succession of birth and death thereby creating dissonance in life. According to the Hindus, this disharmony of health is the result of improper actions of the mind, body and speech; bad karma; or bad conduct. Furthermore, they believe that the soul has to pass through a series of births and deaths before finally attaining liberty from mortality. Therefore, prayers and meditation are absolutely necessary for healing oneself and for attaining mortality (Kakar, 1989, p.115). The third religion being explored is Baha’

State of Economy (Michigan) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

State of Economy (Michigan) - Essay Example Based on this evidence, economists remain certain that Michigan economic status will continue to climb out of its deep economic hole. The economy has enjoyed an increasingly substantial economic recovery from the Great Recession for instance the GDP of the state has increased up to 385 dollar in 2011 compared 352 dollars of the last two years and this can be attributed to some key indicators. The per capita income of the nation has increased by 0.7% in the 3rd quarter of 2012 on a yearly basis, even thought this rise was lower compared to the 2rd quarter. Based on this evidence, the GDP of the nation is calculated to be increasing at a 0.8 percent compared to the previous years. The figure below shows Michigan economic growth after the Great Recession This extensive economic growth – as shown in the figure is assumed to be from manufacturing sector. For instance, manufacturing has a great contribution to the positive economic growth index especially the automobile industry. Th e other main contribution is from the construction sector that has made an enormous growth index change since 2005. Other crucial indicators of Michigan’s economic growth include reduction in the unemployment rate from 9.2 percent to 8.7 percent between October and November. For instance, between 2011 and 2012, the nation has had substantial growth in private sector employment. This qualified Michigan to be among the top six rapidly growing world economies. The levels of employment in the nation have currently shown some improvement signs since the end of the Great Recession in 2009 (Barenblat, 25). For example, the nation’s household employment has risen to about 2.7% matching the national gain of the state. In addition, the greatest employment increased is evidence in some sectors such as education, health services, hospitality sector, leisure, logging in addition, mining sectors, with health sector adding up 1.7 million employment opportunities accounting for 50% of the job opportunities created since recession in 2008. Similarly, the housing market has also show some minimal improvements that may viewed as economic improvement indicators and the United States sales of light vehicles has been very strong in December, assisting in boosting the production of Michigan light motor vehicles in 2012. For instance, statistics shows that housing markets are stabilizing with rise in sales and prices. Although, new homes constructions remain minimal, they are expected to rise and meet the gap demand. The business climate of the nation and the economy have enhanced during the past few years although the change has not been stronger to push the nation in the top ten economically strong nations. Following the reduction of business taxation and shift of corporate tax, the business condition of the Michigan has shifted to be among the top seven best economies of the world. Economists report that the GDP per capita and employment rates of Michigan has increas ed substantially compared to their peer nations since 2008-9. A firm competitive business climate in Michigan in conjunction with innovative customer service based administration has great impacts on the country’s economic growth. The nation has reinvented the stated government in crucial ways to function for the best for its entire people. Their policies has shifted a 1.5 billion dollars deficit in the budget without the use of on-time accounting tricks and

The advantages and disadvantages of stratgy alliance Essay

The advantages and disadvantages of stratgy alliance - Essay Example This is achieved through various strategies including forming joint ventures, licensing etc. for example, in Pharma industry, firms tend to issue licenses in various different markets where they may not have the direct physical presence of their manufacturing and selling facilities but their brands may be selling into those markets through licensing and distribution of their products. 3) Forming Strategic alliances provide organizations to create synergies for each other so that resources can be better utilized at their most feasible cost to the organization. By utilizing the more efficient resources of other organizations, firms tend not to achieve only the synergies but also a chance to effectively utilize and take advantage of the resources of their strategic partners. 4) Making Strategic alliances at the global level provide opportunity to the firms to transfer distinctive competencies. As discussed above that the organizations in order to expand and realize it’s potentially, try to take advantage of the distinctive competencies of their strategic partners. 5) By making strategic alliances, organization tends to obtain more access to the capital. Since associating themselves with the firms that have more access to the resources therefore can provide organizations a better and more liquid form of financial resources to tap. (Rushika) 6) Alliances help organizations to exploit vertical markets. By doing so the organizations tend to align themselves vertically also in order to ensure various strategic options. These options can include securing the strategic flow of raw materials to the organization, effective flow of technology and labor etc. (Casseres) 7) Making alliances allow firms to develop new technologies. Since with the help of alliances, firms tend to utilize the services of each other and hence the technologies therefore it provide firms an opportunity to develop new

The Search for Spiritual Identity in Adolescents Essay Example for Free

The Search for Spiritual Identity in Adolescents Essay It’s a puzzle with us trying to find the right fit, size and shape where the pieces will fit to make us whole. So we begin by growing, and developing, and learning and moving, and thinking and tasting, and touching and testing, and hugging and loving! We go through different stages of growth and growing, and learning and maturing and changing and aging and ultimately death. This writer believes we are searching for our spiritual identity. The NIV Bible says that the Lord God formed man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living being. Man’s spiritual identity comes from God! Jesus was about twelve years old according to the NIV Bible when he began his quest for spiritual identity. Luke 2:49 reads: Why were you searching for me? he asked. Didnt you know I had to be in my Fathers house? After a female egg becomes fertilized by a male sperm it becomes a zygote. This living organism is a product of each parent’s chromosomes. This zygote begins a two week period of rapid cell division which eventually becomes an embryo. Eventually, this embryo will become a living being which was produced and created by its two parents. This child’s physical identity comes from his parents! I use the term parent’s very loosely because I am aware that his identity comes from his bloodline or his genes. I am making a point. By far the most provocative theory of identity development is Erik Erikson’s. It was Erikson who first understood how central questions about identity are to understanding adolescent development. Erikson’s fifth developmental stage (identity versus identity confusion) says during this time adolescents (between the ages of eleven to young adult hood) are faced with who they are, what they are all about and where they are going. Erikson framed the best of maturity in the ego identity of what he called the moral-ethical, spiritual human. This human is one with a horizontal, earthly identity and a vertical, transcendent identity, meaning an identity both religious and spiritual that embraces non-physical manifestation. As adolescents search for their spiritual identity researchers have found that various aspects of religion are linked to positive outcomes in adolescents. Religion has been proven to play a role in adolescent’s health and whether or not they engage in problem behaviors (Cotton amp; others, 2006). For example, in a recent national random sample of 2000 11-18 year olds, those who were higher in religiosity were less likely to smoke, drink alcohol, use marijuana, not be truant in school, not engage in delinquent behavior and not be depressed as compared to their counterparts with lower religiosity (Sinha, Cnaan, amp; Gelles, 2006). The initiator of the Baha†i movement, Baha†Ã¢â‚¬ u â€Å"llah in 1863 believed that there were seven mystical stages to human development and he believed as does most Muslims today that human development is closely linked to religious development. He referred to those stages as â€Å"The Seven Valleys and the Four Valleys†. They are: * The Valley of Search * The Valley of Love * The Valley of Knowledge * The Valley of Unity * The Valley of Contentment * The Valley of Wonderment * The Valley of the True Poverty and Absolute Nothingness He believed that one has not truly developed unless he has entered in or experienced each of hese stages. During my years of adolescence I was considered somewhat of a spoiled child. My mother sent me to a modeling school to become a trained runway model. By the time I was 13 I have performed in more than 100 different fashion shows in and around Michigan, Illinois and New York. Needless to say my environment consisted of my peers b eing much older than myself. I was constantly traveling and partying and dating older men. When I would return home I would become angry with my mother because she forced me to attend church. Church was always the center of our home. My mother was the secretary at our church for over forty years so we were always there. It seemed as if we were preparing our clothes for church 7 days in advance. So I ravished the opportunity to be out of town or on a modeling assignment on Sundays. When were taught to pray daily, morning, noon and night. My mother always told us the story of Daniel in the bible who prayed three times a day every day. And that is what she expected of us. I was a typical teenager who thought it was a waste of time. By the time I was 16 years old I became pregnant. My worst nightmare had come true. I remember my mother telling us that we should always pray. I began to pray daily asking God to show me how to tell my mother that I had ruined my life. I can almost remember the calm that would come over me whenever I was in prayer. Soon I realized that if God could listen to me and love me and allow that peace to come over me that there really was a God, an everlasting father and a true friend. I got the courage to talk to my mother and tell her how sorry I was and confess to God about the things that I had done knowing that they were not His will. This was the beginning of my transformation. My search had just begun. This began to give me answers to all of my seeking and questioning of myself, my world, my purpose. This bought purpose and stability into my life. Today I can say that I am a Minister of the Gospel and I do not believe I would be where I am not had not I gone through the experience of searching, seeking and finding during my adolescent and young adult years. This is just my story, no theory, just the facts. As man seeks and searches for his spiritual identity his mortality also surfaces. The NIV Bible allows us a peek into ourselves in I Corinthians 13:12, for now we see only a reflection as in a mirror; then we shall see face to face. Now I know in part; then I shall know fully, even as I am fully. As we are seeking to understand adolescent behavior we must remember that they are seeking and searching for who they are and whose they are. During this search they shall encounter experiences that they may not understand, they may even become people that you don’t understand, but with patience, love, guidance, education and prayer you can help them become the person they are looking for and want to become. Sometimes we as parents forget that our children not only need to be educated in the ways of the world and how to become successful healthy, productive adults but they also need to be taught about their spirit man. That part of them they cannot see but they can project in their life style. The part of them that no one else can even know or understand. The loving giving life that was breathed into them by the lover of their soul. The concept of a higher being. The ability to know and to understand that they have to answer to someone greater than themselves. The knowledge of understanding that life does not just revolve around them. This seeking and searching has a beginning but should never have an end. James Fowler believed that one had to go through 6 stages of Faith in order to find their own spiritual identity. | Stage| Description| Simplified version by M. Scott Peck| Stage 1| Intuitive-Projective| This is the stage of preschool children in which fantasy and reality often get mixed together. However, during this stage, our most basic ideas about God are usually picked up from our parents and/or society. | I. Chaotic-Antisocial| People stuck at this stage are usually self-centered and often find themselves in trouble due to their unprincipled living. If they do end up converting to the next stage, it often occurs in a very dramatic way. | Stage 2| Mythic-Literal| When children become school-age, they start understanding the world in more logical ways. They generally accept the stories told to them by their faith community but tend to understand them in very literal ways. [A few people remain in this stage through adulthood. ]| | | Stage 3| Synthetic-Conventional| Most people move on to this stage as teenagers. At this point, their life has grown to include several different social circles and there is a need to pull it all together. When this happens, a person usually adopts some sort of all-encompassing belief system. However, at this stage, people tend to have a hard time seeing outside their box and dont recognize that they are inside a belief system. At this stage, authority is usually placed in individuals or groups that represent ones beliefs. [This is the stage in which many people remain. ]| II. Formal-Institutional| At this stage people rely on some sort of institution (such as a church) to give them stability. They become attached to the forms of their religion and get extremely upset when these are called into question. Stage 4| Individuative-Reflective| This is the tough stage, often begun in young adulthood, when people start seeing outside the box and realizing that there are other boxes. They begin to critically examine their beliefs on their own and often become disillusioned with their former faith. Ironically, the Stage 3 people usually think that Stage 4 people have become backsliders when in reality they have actually moved forward. | III. Skeptic-Individual| Those who break out of the previous stage usually do so when they start seriously questioning things on their own. A lot of the time, this stage ends up being very non-religious and some people stay in it permanently| Stage 5| Conjunctive Faith| It is rare for people to reach this stage before mid-life. This is the point when people begin to realize the limits of logic and start to accept the paradoxes in life. They begin to see life as a mystery and often return to sacred stories and symbols but this time without being stuck in a theological box. | IV. Mystical-Communal| People who reach this stage start to realize that there is truth to be found in both the previous two stages and that life can be paradoxical and full of mystery.

Relay Services for the Deaf Essay -- essays papers

Relay Services for the Deaf In America, there are more than 28 million deaf people but there are many different services available to meet their needs. A hearing person can have a casual conversation without even realizing the difficulties that 202,613 (5.58%) hard of hearing people might face in the world (Stat. on Deafness). It doesn’t have to be so difficult for a deaf/hard of hearing person to have a conversation even if the person they are talking to is in another state. With popular services such as Maryland Relay, the TTY and various telecommunications relay services- it is now possible for deaf people to have a phone conversation. In 1984, of the 85 million telephones in the United States and Canada, less than one percent were used regularly by deaf people (Lang). Advocates for deaf, Robert H. Weitbrecht, James C. Marsters and Andrew Saks â€Å"started the process that led to deaf people around the world having an affordable phone system they could use† (Lang). The new technology that is coming out assist deaf people is amazing and very helpful. Robert H. Weitbrecht led the way to developing one of the most popular technology services for the deaf- the teletypewriter using shortwave radios. If more than 1/3 of the U.S. population has a significant hearing impairment by age 65, it is evident that something needed to be done to help people in the world better communicate with the deaf/hard of hearing population (Stat. on Deafness). One advancement in the world of relay services is the teletypewriter-TTY, also called text telephones, which looks similar to a typewriter with a text screen. It enables deaf or hard of hearing people to make phone calls that they wouldn’t normally be able to make on a standard teleph... ....rm Overview of the Maryland Relay. (2003). Retrieved October 17, 2004, from http://www.mdrelay.org/relay/mdrelayoverview.htm PR Newswire. "Hands on Expands Video Relay Services to include Videophone Users." Deaf Today. http://www.deaftoday.com/news/archives.html. â€Å"Statistics on Deafness & Hearing Disorders in the U.S.† (n.d) Deaf and HOH culture information. Retrieved December 5, 2004, from, http://members.aol.com/deafcultureinfo/deafstatistics.htm. Texas School for the Deaf goes to the head of the class...with Installation of Sprint Empowered EducationSM. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2004, from, http://www.relaytoday.com/admin/previewnewsletter.php?ID=2#27 â€Å"Ultratec Public TTY Hearing Impaired Telephones -Vandal Proof Motorized or Shelf Top Units.†(n.d) Phone Merchants. Retrieved December 4, 2004, from http://www.phonemerchants.com/ulpubttyhear.html.

Case Study Nike Essay

1. How does Nike’s decision to retain an in-house arm of ad agency Wieden & Kennedy exemplify the concept of organizational design? The decision to retain an in-house arm of ad agency exemplify the concept of organizational design, makes you look at how both companies interpret organizational design. Organizational design is the process of creating structures that accomplish the company’s missions and objectives. First looking at the text, you interpret the Nike’s mission is to design products that will have an outcome of a positive image and that positive image will encourage consumers to purchase Nike products. This shows you that Nike’s image is one of the most viable and important aspects for their company’s success. Which would leave to the following aspects of customer satisfaction, because without that I could potentially ruin Nike’s positive image that they strive so much for. Another factor that plays into this positive image would be advertising. Advertising is an important factor because helps the company showcase their â€Å"consumer-aimed† designs to the public. â€Å"Nike recently spent nearly $2.5 billion annually on advertising.† This textbook reference perfectly displays Nike’s commitment to their positive brand image. Nike’s current advertising agency, Wieden & Kennedy has portrayed this image successfully in the past and currently. This success was show by Nike providing them with â€Å"in-house arms† at the Nike headquarters. By Nike displaying this affection of placing a core contributor to their mission of having a positive image and taking placing them into their headquarters, embodies the concept of organizational design. Not only does is embody the concept is gives the advertising agency the opportunity to have access to Nike’s executive officers, all other employee’s that fall under the top-down and bottom-up structures of change. Which will stimulate Weiden & Kennedy form to better and personalize  marketing strategies and divisional structure for Nike’s mission and purpose to give them the competitive advantage that they have and strive for. 2. Given the problems Nike has had with sweatshop labor being used by some of its foreign contractors, are there parts of the firm that need to be run with a mechanistic rather than organic design? Give examples to support your answer. In my opinion, Nike should run with a mechanistic design rather than organic. They should do this because when looking at the manufacturing departments that Nike employs it is common knowledge that they companies may not provide nor have the basic necessities that would be implemented by labor laws. Now, seeing that mechanistically control is exceedingly bureaucratic is only proves that this needs to happen within outsourcing departments. Nike should have more restricted limits of control to keep them on task when employing these realities of outsourcing. The association with sweatshops is a big deal alone, and Nike is being accused of allowing then to be employed within their company. Looking back at the question above, this would impact their mission of having a positive image as a while. Referring to the text: Nike refused and refuted to comments made by the critics. Nike will destroy their mission of wanting a positive image, when being associated with allowing sweatshops and unsatisfactory work conditions. When looking at prevention of this negative image, you would have to go to the employees who watch the outsourcing and construct and organize the business dealing with the manufacturing firms. Like stated before they should have personalized and centralized tasks and authority at all times. A way they could implement this in there current situation would be appointing Hannah Jones a Nike executive to watch over the efforts of improvements in the factories working and labor conditions. She could do this by simply appointing a position below hers to watch over a specific issue at a time and report back to her. This would give her department power of what is occurring in these manufacturing companies that Nike as a whole  has decided to outsource to. The manufacturing companies involved with Nike’s brand image and business, as a whole should be required to follow Nike’s standards of ethics. When referring back to organizational design, extreme use of supervision is key. Even if Nike were to implement the idea of taking action of supervising every factory to focus of labor issues alone, it would give them the information needed to know if they should be outsourcing with those manufacturing departments. This could lead to the manufacturing departments actually taking that information and collaborating to have well trained and the proper authority to give them the expectations needed.